Three kinds of extrinsic dating evidence: (A) Testing of pollen samples by Dr. Raymond Rogers, the two spectroscopic analyses (of professor Giulio Fanti, et al.), and the compressibility and breaking strength tests (of Fanti, et al.) date the Shroud to a time commensurate with the life and crucifixion of Jesus. Four contemporary dating tests: The vanillin dating test of Dr. The 1978 Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) investigation and subsequent investigations were remarkably thorough, and with the exception of the questionable 1988 carbon dating, all the evidence points to it being the burial cloth of Jesus, including the following: The Shroud has undergone considerably more scientific testing than any other relic in human history. This history is confirmed by the pollen grains found by Max Frei, the coincidences between the Shroud and the Sudarium (facecloth) of Oviedo, and the coincidences between the Shroud’s seven unique facial features and those attributed to the Mandylion - the Holy Image of Edessa. It also has a somewhat sketchy traceable history from Jerusalem to Lirey - through Edessa, Turkey and Constantinople. The cloth has a certifiable history from 1349, when it surfaced in Lirey, France, in the hands of a French nobleman - Geoffrey de Charny.
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